Diminutives in language diminutives在语文
Aug 23rd, 2007 by 2007年8月23日由 Julia朱莉娅
A diminutive is a formation of a word used to convey a degree of smallness of the object or quality named, encapsulation, intimacy, or endearment.一小型是形成一个用的字眼转达了一定程度的细小的物体或质量命名,封装,亲密关系,或endearment 。
Diminutives are often used for affection. diminutives常常被用于感情。 In many languages the meaning of diminution can be translated “tiny” or “wee” and diminutives are used frequently when speaking to small children; adult people sometimes use diminutives when they express extreme tenderness and intimacy by behaving and talking like children.在许多语言的意义缩减,可以翻译“蚊型”或“凌晨”和diminutives是常用发言时小的儿童;成人人有时会使用diminutives时,他们表示极端的温柔和亲密的表现和所谈的一样,儿童。
In many languages diminutives are created by adding endings (suffixes) to the word.在许多语言diminutives所建立的加入结局(后缀)一词。 The effect of using a small form of a word can be to indicate affection or familiarity, but depending on context or intonation even derision.的影响,使用一种小型的形式,一个词可以说明感情或熟悉,但根据上下文或语调,甚至嘲笑。
In English the alteration of meaning is often but not essentially conveyed through smaller size.在英语改变的意思,但往往是没有本质上转达了通过更小的尺寸。 English diminutives tend to be shorter and more colloquial than the basic form of the word.英语diminutives往往是较短的和更多的口语比基本形式的字。 English has borrowed liberally from other languages when producing new diminutives, eg -ette is from French.英语已借来的宽松从其他语文时,产生新的diminutives , 例如- ette是从法语。
Common diminutives are:共同diminutives是:
- -ey/-ie/-y: dearie, doggy, kitty -ey/-ie/-y : dearie ,小犬,小猫
- -ette: diskette, cigarette, kitchenette - ette :软盘,香烟,小厨房
- -let: piglet, chicklet, applet, eyelet, gauntlet, tablet -让:仔猪, chicklet , Applet的, eyelet ,挑战,片剂
- -ling: duckling, gosling玲:雏鸭,雏鹅
There are several forms to German diminutives, quite common being -chen or -lein , such as “Häuschen” for “small house”, “Würstchen” for “small sausage”, but also different German dialects may have their own typical diminutive, such as -le , -li , -el .有几种形式,以德国 diminutives ,相当普遍,被陈或青莲 ,如“ häuschen ”为“丁屋” , “ würstchen ”为“小香肠” ,但也有不同的德语方言可能有自己的典型的小型,如作为乐 , 利 , -下午 。 Diminutives are more frequently used than in English. Some words only exist in the diminutive form, eg “Kaninchen” (”rabbit”). diminutives较为常用的比在英语,有些话只存在于微小的形式,如“ kaninchen ” ( “兔” ) 。 The use of diminutives is quite different between the dialects.使用diminutives是颇为不同的方言之间。
In Spanish , the suffix “-illo” or “illa” is used.在西班牙语 ,后缀“ - illo ”或“ illa ”是用。 Some well-known examples of this are the international words tortilla, camarilla, flotilla and guerrilla , all of them of Spanish origin.一些著名的例子,这是国际玉米饼的话, camarilla ,舰队和游击队 ,他们都对西班牙语的起源。
- -cito/a or -ecito/a : grande → grandecito/a , cross cruz → crucecita. -总工业训练主任/一或- ecito /一:格兰德→ grandecito /一,跨克鲁斯→ crucecita 。
- There is at least one common duplicated diminutive: small chico → chiquito → chiquitito.有至少一个共同的重复小型:小奇科→ chiquito → chiquitito 。
- -ito /-ita: Carlos -> Carlito ; Racquel ->Racquelita. -为ITO / -意大利:卡洛斯-> “ c arlito; r acquel- >” r a cquelita。
In Portuguese , diminutives are formed by adding suffixes to the words.在葡萄牙语 , diminutives形成加入后缀,以字。 There are over 20 different suffixes, though only some of them can be applied to each word.有超过20个不同的后缀,虽然只有他们中的一些可以应用到每个单词。 You can add these suffixes to nouns, adjectives or adverbs.您可以添加这些后缀,以名词,形容词或副词。 The most common diminutives are formed with the suffixes -(z)inho, -(z)inha: café -> cafezinho; pouco -> pouquinho ).最常见的diminutives形成与后缀-( z )的i nho, - (z )的仁荷:早餐-> “c a f ezinho;po u co->” po u q uinho)。 The result varies, it can make something more familiar, smaller, more important, intensify the meaning of it or simply have no effect at all.结果不同,它可以使一些比较熟悉的,规模较小的,更重要的是,强化的意义,或根本没有作用。 You can see the concept of diminutive goes much further when you think of it applied to words that aren’t nouns.你可以看到的概念,小型远远进一步时,你认为这适用于话,是不是名词。
French diminutives usually end in -ette, such as fillette (young girl) or courgette (small marrow) and this frequently carries over into English as well. 法国 diminutives通常在年底- ette ,如fillette (少女)或courgette (小骨髓) ,这经常到英语作为。 While informal French often produces diminutive effects simply by cutting a word in half ( McDo from McDonalds , fixs from fixations ’ski bindings’), the ending -oche is sometimes used.而非正式的法语,往往会产生微小的影响,简单地削减一个字,一半( mcdo从麦当劳 , fixs录制的 '滑雪场的绑定' ) ,结束- oche有时用。 For example, cinoche ( ciné ) and MacDoche ( McDonalds ).举例来说, cinoche ( ciné )和macdoche ( 麦当劳 ) 。
Italian is like Portuguese. 意大利是一样,葡萄牙语。 There are more than 10 ways to form Italian diminutives, and much more to alterate the nouns in other ways.有超过10种形式意大利diminutives ,以及更多以alterate名词用其他的方式。
Russian has a wide variety of diminutive forms for names, to the point that for non-Russian speakers it can be difficult to connect a nickname to the original. 俄罗斯有各式各样的小型形式的名称,这一点对于非俄语发言者恐怕难以连接的昵称到原来的。
Diminutive forms for nouns are usually distinguished with an -ik, -ok (-yok) (masculine gender), -chk-/-shk- and -on’k-/-en’k- suffixes.小型形式为名词,通常与尊敬的一翼, -确定( -郁慕明) (男性) , -chk-/-shk-和对' k-/-en '的K -后缀。
For example, “voda” ( вода; , “water”) becomes “vodichka” ( водичка , “little water”), “kot” ( кот , “male cat”) becomes “kotik” ( kotik ), “koshka” ( кошка , “female cat”) becomes “koshechka” ( кошечка ), “solntse” ( солнце , “sun”, neuter) becomes “solnyshko” ( солнышко ).举例来说, “沃达” ( вода ; , “水” )变成“ vodichka ” ( водичка , “小水利” ) , “ kot ” ( кот , “男猫” )成为“科季克” ( 科季克 ) , “ koshka ” ( кошка , “女猫” )成为“ koshechka ” ( кошечка ) , “ solntse ” ( солнце , “太阳” ,中性)变成“ solnyshko ” ( солнышко ) 。 Often there are many diminutive forms: “mama” ( мама , “mom”) becomes “mamochka” ( мамочка ), etc.往往有许多小型的形式: “妈妈” ( мама , “妈妈” )变成“ mamochka ” ( мамочка )等。
Adjectives and adverbs can also have diminutive forms with suffix -en’k-: “siniy” ( синий , “blue”) becomes “sinen’kiy” ( синенький ), “bystro” ( быстро , “quickly”) becomes “bystren’ko” ( быстренько ).形容词和副词也可以有微小的形式与后缀恩'的K : “ siniy ” ( синий , “蓝” )变成“ sinen'kiy ” ( синенький ) , “ bystro ” ( быстро , “迅速” )变成“ bystren '高“ ( быстренько ) 。
Source: 资料来源: Unilang.org unilang.org ; Wikipedia 维基百科














in Chinese the stuffix “syao” or “xiao” does the trick.在中国人stuffix “ syao ”或“小”的把戏。 “gou” — dog, xiao gou — puppy “苟” -狗,小苟-小狗