Diminutives in language diminutives在語文
Aug 23rd, 2007 by 2007年8月23日由 Julia朱莉婭
A diminutive is a formation of a word used to convey a degree of smallness of the object or quality named, encapsulation, intimacy, or endearment.一小型是形成一個用的字眼轉達了一定程度的細小的物體或質量命名,封裝,親密關係,或endearment 。
Diminutives are often used for affection. diminutives常常被用於感情。 In many languages the meaning of diminution can be translated “tiny” or “wee” and diminutives are used frequently when speaking to small children; adult people sometimes use diminutives when they express extreme tenderness and intimacy by behaving and talking like children.在許多語言的意義縮減,可以翻譯“蚊型”或“凌晨”和diminutives是常用發言時小的兒童;成人人有時會使用diminutives時,他們表示極端的溫柔和親密的表現和所談的一樣,兒童。
In many languages diminutives are created by adding endings (suffixes) to the word.在許多語言diminutives所建立的加入結局(後綴)一詞。 The effect of using a small form of a word can be to indicate affection or familiarity, but depending on context or intonation even derision.的影響,使用一種小型的形式,一個詞可以說明感情或熟悉,但根據上下文或語調,甚至嘲笑。
In English the alteration of meaning is often but not essentially conveyed through smaller size.在英語改變的意思,但往往是沒有本質上轉達了通過更小的尺寸。 English diminutives tend to be shorter and more colloquial than the basic form of the word.英語diminutives往往是較短的和更多的口語比基本形式的字。 English has borrowed liberally from other languages when producing new diminutives, eg -ette is from French.英語已借來的寬鬆從其他語文時,產生新的diminutives , 例如- ette是從法語。
Common diminutives are:共同diminutives是:
- -ey/-ie/-y: dearie, doggy, kitty -ey/-ie/-y : dearie ,小犬,小貓
- -ette: diskette, cigarette, kitchenette - ette :軟盤,香煙,小廚房
- -let: piglet, chicklet, applet, eyelet, gauntlet, tablet -讓:仔豬, chicklet , Applet的, eyelet ,挑戰,片劑
- -ling: duckling, gosling玲:雛鴨,雛鵝
There are several forms to German diminutives, quite common being -chen or -lein , such as “Häuschen” for “small house”, “Würstchen” for “small sausage”, but also different German dialects may have their own typical diminutive, such as -le , -li , -el .有幾種形式,以德國 diminutives ,相當普遍,被陳或青蓮 ,如“ häuschen ”為“丁屋” , “ würstchen ”為“小香腸” ,但也有不同的德語方言可能有自己的典型的小型,如作為樂 , 利 , -下午 。 Diminutives are more frequently used than in English. Some words only exist in the diminutive form, eg “Kaninchen” (”rabbit”). diminutives較為常用的比在英語,有些話只存在於微小的形式,如“ kaninchen ” ( “兔” ) 。 The use of diminutives is quite different between the dialects.使用diminutives是頗為不同的方言之間。
In Spanish , the suffix “-illo” or “illa” is used.在西班牙語 ,後綴“ - illo ”或“ illa ”是用。 Some well-known examples of this are the international words tortilla, camarilla, flotilla and guerrilla , all of them of Spanish origin.一些著名的例子,這是國際玉米餅的話, camarilla ,艦隊和游擊隊 ,他們都對西班牙語的起源。
- -cito/a or -ecito/a : grande → grandecito/a , cross cruz → crucecita. -總工業訓練主任/一或- ecito /一:格蘭德→ grandecito /一,跨克魯斯→ crucecita 。
- There is at least one common duplicated diminutive: small chico → chiquito → chiquitito.有至少一個共同的重複小型:小奇科→ chiquito → chiquitito 。
- -ito /-ita: Carlos -> Carlito ; Racquel ->Racquelita. -為ITO / -意大利:卡洛斯-> “ c arlito; r acquel- >” r a cquelita。
In Portuguese , diminutives are formed by adding suffixes to the words.在葡萄牙語 , diminutives形成加入後綴,以字。 There are over 20 different suffixes, though only some of them can be applied to each word.有超過20個不同的後綴,雖然只有他們中的一些可以應用到每個單詞。 You can add these suffixes to nouns, adjectives or adverbs.您可以添加這些後綴,以名詞,形容詞或副詞。 The most common diminutives are formed with the suffixes -(z)inho, -(z)inha: café -> cafezinho; pouco -> pouquinho ).最常見的diminutives形成與後綴-( z )的i nho, - (z )的仁荷:早餐-> “c a f ezinho;po u co->” po u q uinho)。 The result varies, it can make something more familiar, smaller, more important, intensify the meaning of it or simply have no effect at all.結果不同,它可以使一些比較熟悉的,規模較小的,更重要的是,強化的意義,或根本沒有作用。 You can see the concept of diminutive goes much further when you think of it applied to words that aren’t nouns.你可以看到的概念,小型遠遠進一步時,你認為這適用於話,是不是名詞。
French diminutives usually end in -ette, such as fillette (young girl) or courgette (small marrow) and this frequently carries over into English as well. 法國 diminutives通常在年底- ette ,如fillette (少女)或courgette (小骨髓) ,這經常到英語作為。 While informal French often produces diminutive effects simply by cutting a word in half ( McDo from McDonalds , fixs from fixations ’ski bindings’), the ending -oche is sometimes used.而非正式的法語,往往會產生微小的影響,簡單地削減一個字,一半( mcdo從麥當勞 , fixs錄製的 '滑雪場的綁定' ) ,結束- oche有時用。 For example, cinoche ( ciné ) and MacDoche ( McDonalds ).舉例來說, cinoche ( ciné )和macdoche ( 麥當勞 ) 。
Italian is like Portuguese. 意大利是一樣,葡萄牙語。 There are more than 10 ways to form Italian diminutives, and much more to alterate the nouns in other ways.有超過10種形式意大利diminutives ,以及更多以alterate名詞用其他的方式。
Russian has a wide variety of diminutive forms for names, to the point that for non-Russian speakers it can be difficult to connect a nickname to the original. 俄羅斯有各式各樣的小型形式的名稱,這一點對於非俄語發言者恐怕難以連接的暱稱到原來的。
Diminutive forms for nouns are usually distinguished with an -ik, -ok (-yok) (masculine gender), -chk-/-shk- and -on’k-/-en’k- suffixes.小型形式為名詞,通常與尊敬的一翼, -確定( -鬱慕明) (男性) , -chk-/-shk-和對' k-/-en '的K -後綴。
For example, “voda” ( вода; , “water”) becomes “vodichka” ( водичка , “little water”), “kot” ( кот , “male cat”) becomes “kotik” ( kotik ), “koshka” ( кошка , “female cat”) becomes “koshechka” ( кошечка ), “solntse” ( солнце , “sun”, neuter) becomes “solnyshko” ( солнышко ).舉例來說, “沃達” ( вода ; , “水” )變成“ vodichka ” ( водичка , “小水利” ) , “ kot ” ( кот , “男貓” )成為“科季克” ( 科季克 ) , “ koshka ” ( кошка , “女貓” )成為“ koshechka ” ( кошечка ) , “ solntse ” ( солнце , “太陽” ,中性)變成“ solnyshko ” ( солнышко ) 。 Often there are many diminutive forms: “mama” ( мама , “mom”) becomes “mamochka” ( мамочка ), etc.往往有許多小型的形式: “媽媽” ( мама , “媽媽” )變成“ mamochka ” ( мамочка )等。
Adjectives and adverbs can also have diminutive forms with suffix -en’k-: “siniy” ( синий , “blue”) becomes “sinen’kiy” ( синенький ), “bystro” ( быстро , “quickly”) becomes “bystren’ko” ( быстренько ).形容詞和副詞也可以有微小的形式與後綴恩'的K : “ siniy ” ( синий , “藍” )變成“ sinen'kiy ” ( синенький ) , “ bystro ” ( быстро , “迅速” )變成“ bystren '高“ ( быстренько ) 。
Source: 資料來源: Unilang.org unilang.org ; Wikipedia 維基百科














in Chinese the stuffix “syao” or “xiao” does the trick.在中國人stuffix “ syao ”或“小”的把戲。 “gou” — dog, xiao gou — puppy “苟” -狗,小苟-小狗